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衡平法按揭和未登记的二次按揭:如何理解和执行?

2020-07-31
研究发展 衡平法按揭和未登记的二次按揭:如何理解和执行?
作者 文康律师事务所
作者: 文康律师事务所
转发

在澳大利亚法律中,按揭并不是一种借款,实际上它是在不同情形下赋予不同权利的一项法律手段。按揭通常在购买房屋时使用,但其法律原则也适用于与不动产相关的其他商业情形中。


对按揭的简要阐释如下:


按揭是指为担保债务而转让合法的不动产所有权。一旦设立按揭,按揭权人便成为该不动产的合法所有权人,按揭人对该土地拥有衡平法上的赎回权。(参见1919年《产权转让法》的第七部分


本文将为读者介绍一些鲜为人知的设定按揭的情形。


Mortgages in Australia is not a typeof loan, it is in fact a legal instrument providing for different rights underdifferent situations. A mortgage is most often created when purchasing a home,but its legal principals are also relevant in different commercial situationsrelating to real estate property.


A concise explanation is as follows:


A mortgage is a transfer of thelegal estate in land for the purpose of securing a debt. Once mortgaged, the mortgagee becomes thelegal owner of the real estate property and the mortgagor holds the equity ofredemption. See Part 7 Conveyancing Act 1919.


This article will provide readerswith knowledge of the less known situations where a mortgage is created.


一、房贷并非按揭

A Home Loan is Not A Mortgage


按揭是一种将特定的不动产抵押作为担保物的债务工具。借款人通常有义务按照事前约定的还款方式偿还借款,在普通法下,按揭权也被称为对财产(抵押物或担保物)的留置权(第一次按揭即为第一次留置)。


因此,按揭必须与约定了对财产的合法留置权的法律合同相关,而非房贷本身。


就不动产而言,通常将借款方称为按揭人(即提供按揭的人),而将出借方称为按揭权人(即获得财产按揭作为抵押物的人)。


如果借款方未能向出借方还款,则出借方/按揭权人保留取消抵押物赎回权的权利。该权利既存在于普通法中也存在于衡平法中。


A mortgage is a debt instrument which is secured bythe collateral of specified real estate property. The borrower is commonlyobliged to pay back the debt through a predetermined set of payments, and incommon law jurisdictions, they are also known as liens (whereby a firstmortgage is a first lien) against property (the security or collateral).


As such, a mortgage has to do with the legalcontract which creates the legal right for the lien to be charged against theproperty, it is not the home loan itself.


In regards to real estate property, a person who isborrowing the money is usually referred to as a mortgagor (the person grantingthe mortgage) and the lender is referred to as the mortgagee (the person inwhose favour the mortgage is granted over the property as security).


If the borrower fails to pay the lender, then thelender/mortgagee retains the right to foreclose on the property that is offeredas security. This right can exist in both common law and in equity.

 

二、托伦斯产权和按揭登记

Torrens Title and Registration of A Mortgage


在澳大利亚,几乎所有的不动产都归属于托伦斯产权。托伦斯产权是一项土地登记和转让制度,备有土地所有权登记册。托伦斯产权于1858年首次出现于南澳大利亚州的《不动产法》中。


通过土地所有权登记和记录土地权益,这项制度消除了提供“产权链”的需要(即通过追踪一系列文件以证明财产的所有权)。


托伦斯产权制度后来被南非、美国、加拿大、新加坡以及世界其他众多国家沿用。


重要的是,在财产所有权上设定按揭权的法律文件是会被提交登记的。


In Australian, almost all real estate properties areheld under Torrens title. This is a land registration and land transfer systemin which a register of land holdings is maintained. Torrens title was firstintroduced to the world through the Real Property Act 1858 in theProvince of South Australia.

This system of title by registration andrecording of interests in land eliminated the need for providing for a “chainof title” (the tracing of title through a series of documents to demonstratelegal entitlement to property).

This system of Torrens Title was later adopted aroundthe world by nations such as South Africa, USA, Canada, Singapore amongstnumerous other nations.

Importantly, the legal document which creates themortgage is lodged for registration on to the title of the property.
 
三、衡平法上的按揭

Equitable Mortgage


如果一项按揭有按揭意图但没有采取按揭的形式,例如未正式在财产所有权上登记,则衡平法院仍可承认按揭权人的权利。这是因为衡平法与普通法相辅相成,由于衡平法法院的良知法庭属性,在普通法无法提供足够救济的情况下,衡平法将向按揭权人提供救济。


大多数情况下,衡平法上的按揭权是未登记的,根据托伦斯产权制度,未登记的/衡平法上的按揭将作为借款方在出售不动产时,将财产相关权利保留给出借方的一种承诺的表现形式。


综上所述,衡平法上的按揭只能通过呈交最高法院的衡平法庭予以执行,缺席审判则需通过动议通知的方式进行。


衡平法上按揭的作用大致与普通法上的按揭相同。然而,有以下两点重要的区别:


  • 1.  在按揭未登记,善意的买家不知晓按揭存在的情况下,该财产上所有衡平法赋予的权益将被“抹除”。

  • 2.  由于按揭财产的合法所有权不属于担保权人,因此,按揭权人必须采取其他措施才能实现其止赎权。


除此之外,衡平法按揭与普通法按揭具有基本相同的目的。


If the mortgage has the intent but not the form of amortgage, such as it was not duly registered on the title of the property, thena Court of Equity may still recognize the mortgagee’s right. This is as Equityruns in tandem to common law, with a Court of Equity being acourt of conscience, and in circumstances where the common law does not providean adequate remedy, equity will come to the aid of the mortgagee.


Most commonly, an equitable mortgage is unregistered,and due to the Torrens Title system, an unregistered/equitable mortgage willserve as the representation of a promise by the borrower to reserve therelevant equity in the property for the lender when the property is sold.


Following the above, equitable mortgages are onlyenforceable through the Equity Division of the Supreme Court and defaultjudgment is by way of Notice of Motion.


An equitable mortgage functions in much the same wayas a legal mortgage. However, there are two important differences being:

1. Abona fide purchaser for value without notice of the mortgage will “erase” any equitableinterest in the property.
2. Asthe legal title to the mortgaged property is not vested in the secured party,there are additional steps which must be taken for the mortgagee to exercisetheir right to foreclosure.

Otherwise, equitable mortgages fulfil very much thesame purposes as a legal mortgage.

 

四、未登记的二次按揭

Second Unregistered Mortgages


通常,首位出借方会通过登记的方式以确保其按揭权。


随后,第二位拟将按揭权登记的按揭权人必须与之前登记的按揭权人进行协商。因为,设立第一笔按揭的法律文件可能会规定,除非获得首位出借方的同意,否则不得对第二次按揭进行登记。


理想的情况是,拟进行第二次按揭登记的按揭权人与第一按揭权人取得联系,以寻求第一按揭权人的同意。同意的条件可能包括订立优先权契约(以明确第二按揭权人知晓且认可第一按揭权人的权益,以及各按揭权人的权益内容和优先级顺序等)。


如果未经第一按揭权人同意而设立二次按揭,则按揭人通常会违反第一按揭权约定的条款。该违约行为可能会导致第一笔按揭收取更高的借款利率,并产生被强制执行的风险。虽然,该后果可能不会影响二次按揭的有效性,但其可能会削弱二次按揭的价值。


在二次按揭的出借方同意借款且知悉不能通过按揭登记获得抵押担保的情况下,他们仍可以通过在不动产上设置未登记的二次按揭以保障其权益,且通常(在产权契据上)会设置警告(警告潜在买家/出借方,其他人可能在该资产上拥有衡平法上的权益)。


在违约的情况下,未登记的二次按揭(衡平法按揭)会更难以通过法院诉讼予以执行。


Commonly, the primary lender will secure their loanthrough a registered mortgage.

Incoming second mortgagees seekingregistration of a mortgage must deal with any prior registered mortgagee. Thisis as the legal document creating the first mortgage willlikely specify that second mortgages are not to be registered other than withthe consent of the primary lender.

Theideal situation would involve a proposed second mortgagee approaching theexisting first mortgagee seeking consent. A condition of that consent mayinclude a requirement for a Deed of Priority to be entered into.

Ifthis was not done and a second mortgage is entered into without the firstmortgagee’s consent, the mortgagor will likely be in breach of the firstmortgageundefineds terms. That breach may trigger the charging ofhigher interest rates under the first mortgage and create a risk of it beingenforced. Whilst those outcomes may not affect the validity of the secondmortgage, they could erode its value to that secondary lender.

In situations where the secondary lender iswilling to provide a loan with the understanding that their loan cannot besecured by a registered mortgage, they may nevertheless seek to secure their interestvia an second unregistered mortgage over the real property and is oftensupportedby a caveat.

In the event of adefault, these second unregistered mortgages (equitable mortgages) are  comparatively more difficult to enforce via acourt action.

 

五、未登记的二次按揭的执行

Enforcement of Second UnregisteredMortgages


如上所述,执行未登记的按揭可能是复杂且成本高昂的。


已登记的第一笔按揭的权利实现通常是通过向新南威尔士州最高法院普通法法庭呈交财产清单提起诉求。该过程可能相对简单,尤其是在按揭人不反对的情况下。


然而,未登记的二次按揭的权利实现是通过获取新南威尔士州最高法院衡平法法庭的指令以进行司法出售和财产占有,或寻求法院指令委任一位接管人的方式。


以下是实现未登记的二次按揭的要点:


  • 受(实现按揭权利)申请影响的各方都必须作为被告共同参与诉讼程序,包括第一按揭权人;

  • 须获取按揭财产的最新估值;

  • 须提供有关所有第一按揭权人债权金额的证据;

  • 第二按揭权人可能会支付第一按揭权人的法律费用;

  • 法院可以给按揭人更多的时间以赎回按揭物;

  • 法院可以为财产出售设定一个底价;

  • 已登记的第一按揭权人可以反对未登记的第二按揭权人获取的任何法院指令,未登记的第二按揭权人实现按揭权的程序,可能会触发已登记的第一按揭权人采取强制执行行动。


尽管这样的做法不可取,但一些出借方,特别是短期债权的出借方可能认为,为获取更高的回报而承担额外的风险是值得的,尤其是在高涨的房地产市场中,财产价值的增加将减少短期出借方的风险。


鉴于当前房地产市场的波动性,我们强烈建议您不要选择以未登记的二次按揭作为担保的短期借款。在此期间找寻机遇的投资者应寻求其他形式的担保,在大多数情况下,无论借款人是个人还是公司实体,都应考虑其违约的可能性以及出借方在管理和/或清算中的权利。


Asmentioned above, the enforcement of an unregistered mortgage can be complex andcostly.


Forregistered first mortgages, the process of enforcing a registered mortgage isnormally via a claim brought in the Possession List in the Common Law divisionof the Supreme Court of NSW. This can be a relatively straightforward matterespecially if the mortgagor does not oppose the process.


Unregisteredsecond mortgages, however, are enforced by seeking orders in the Equitydivision of the NSW Supreme Court, and would be for either a judicial sale andpossession of the property, or to seek an order for the appointment of areceiver.


Thefollowing are some of the important aspects of enforcing a second unregisteredmortgage:


  • all parties affected by the application must be joint in the proceedings as defendants,  including any first mortgagee;

  • A recent valuation of the mortgaged property should be obtained;

  • Evidence must be produced as to the amount of any first mortgageeundefineds debt;

  • The second mortgagee will likely pay for the legal costs of the first mortgagee;

  • The Court may give the mortgagor additional time to redeem the mortgage;

  • The court may fix a reserve price for the sale of the property;

  • Any first registered mortgagee may oppose any orders sought by the second unregistered mortgagee, and the commencement of proceedings by the second unregistered second mortgagee may trigger enforcement action by a first registered mortgagee.

 

Althoughnot advisable, some lenders, especially short-term lenders, may think it isworthwhile to take on the extra risk through seeking a higher return. This isespecially so in a rising property market as the increase in the value of theproperty will reduce the short-term lender’s risks.


Giventhe volatility of the current real estate market, short term loans secured solelyby second unregistered mortgages is strongly advised against. Investors whowish to pursue opportunities during these times should seek additional forms ofsecurity, this in most circumstances, should take into consideration theborrower’s, whether individual or corporate entity, likelihood of default andthe lender’s rights under administration and/or liquidation. 
 

文康-君益诚涉澳法律团队

文康-君益诚律师联盟处理过诸多涉及澳大利亚的业务,在此基础上联盟成立了澳洲业务团队,团队成员包括多位能以英语为熟练工作语言的中国律师以及澳大利亚注册律师。


澳洲业务团队可为文康-君益诚联盟客户提供与中国-澳大利亚有关的投资、贸易、移民、跨国婚姻、诉讼等全方位、一站式的商业和法律服务。


无论您想在澳大利亚设立子公司还是收购澳大利亚公司股权或资产,文康-君益诚涉澳法律团队将为中国投资者提供最专业且全面的一站式服务。


通过与从事双边贸易和跨境投资的中澳跨国公司长期合作,我们拥有丰富的法律服务经验。


Whether you are seeking to establish a localAustralian subsidiary or acquiring an interest in an Australian company orasset, Wincon – JYC Law Group’s Australia Legal Team provides an integrated endto end solution to Chinese investors.


Our experience comes from a history of working withChinese and Australian multinationals engaged in bilateral trade and crossborder investments.


团队成员

王欲弘

律师、管理合伙人

王欲弘律师在中澳法律、投资、贸易、移民等业务领域深耕多年。

专业领域:私募股权、商务、外商直接投资、财富管理


祝福

国际顾问

祝福律师拥有澳洲律师牌照近十年,熟悉中澳两国文化,处理了大量中澳跨境法律事务,经验丰富。

专业领域:跨境投资、跨境诉讼和仲裁、财富规划、农业综合企业和零售部门


柴恩旺

律师、高级合伙人
专业领域:跨境投资、跨境诉讼和仲裁、并购

李鹏

律师、合伙人
专业领域:商事交易/公司法、商事诉讼和仲裁、外商直接投资


RUSSELL SWEET 

澳大利亚出庭大律师
专业领域:商事和民事诉讼、仲裁、上诉法院

KAZMER UJVARI

澳大利亚律师
专业领域:商事交易和公司法、商事和民事诉讼、移民法

郝涵

律师
专业领域:跨境投资、国际仲裁、并购

赵巧睿

律师
专业领域:跨境投资、并购

李佼
律师
专业领域:跨境投资、并购、家事及财富传承